Previous studies have indicated poor and inconsistent bioavailability of DMAU following oral administration. Significance Statement Dimethandrolone (DMA) is an active metabolite of dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU), an investigational male hormonal contraceptive. Further, considering DMA is a selective and sensitive UGT2B17 substrate, it could be used as a clinical probe of UGT2B17 activity. Since human UGT2B17 is a highly variable enzyme with a 20-80% gene deletion frequency, the in vitro data suggest a major role of UGT2B17 polymorphism on the first-pass metabolism of DMA. These data were confirmed by dramatically higher DMA glucuronidation rates (>200- and >7-fold) in the high versus the null UGT2B17-expressing human intestinal and liver microsomes, respectively. Next, thirteen clinically- relevant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes were tested for their involvement in DMA-G formation, which revealed a major role of UGT2B17 isoform with a smaller contribution of UGT1A9 in DMA-G formation. After oral DMAU administration, only DMA-G was detected in serum, which was >100-fold compared to DMA levels, supporting glucuronidation as the major elimination mechanism for DMA. The metabolite identification study revealed two metabolites, DMA-glucuronide (DMA-G major) and the androstenedione analogue of DMA (minor) in the hepatocyte incubations. We first identified DMA metabolites formed in vitro and in vivo in human hepatocyte incubation and serum samples following oral DMAU administration in men, respectively. The objective of our study was to elucidate the mechanisms of variable pharmacokinetics (PK) of DMA. Poor and variable oral bioavailability of DMA after DMAU dosing is a critical challenge to develop it as an oral drug. Summarized in the present review are the chemistry of pectins and the catalytic potential of pectinases for studying and modification of pectic immunogenicity.Dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU), an oral investigational male hormonal contraceptive is a prodrug, which is rapidly converted to its active metabolite, dimethandrolone (DMA). The bioactive fragments in the hairy regions are determined by using arabinogalactan-degrading enzymes. Owing to their strict specificity and unaggressive degradation ability some pectinases contribute to partly removal of homogalacturonan and different ester-linked groups, leading to preservation of the immunologically active hairy rhamnogalacturonan units. They are a useful biochemical tool for fine exploration and modification of the native pectic structure. Pectinases form one of the biggest and most diverse in activity group of carbohydrate biocatalysts. They consist of a linear acidic region - homogalacturonan and a highly branched domain with mainly neutral monosaccharide side chains – rhamnogalacturonan I and II. The discovery (by Professor Helbig in 1886) of two sets of actual apparatus near Perugia and various representations on vases help to elucidate the somewhat obscure accounts of the method of playing the game contained in the scholia and certain ancient authors who, it must not be forgotten, wrote at a time when the game itself had become obsolete, and cannot therefore be looked to for a. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) largely determines the energy efficiency in PEC water-splitting.

Biogenic pectic polysaccharides are non-specific immunomodulators with beneficial and therapeutic potential as nutraceuticals. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) splitting of water to make hydrogen is a promising clean-energy technology.

Elucidate the mechanims